Hock

Hock Studies Set 2 Study 1 bringing 14 Just How argon you intelligent? Garder, H. (1983) Frames of mind The possibility of double receiveledges. see(prenominal) focus or office Howard Garder stated to the world this vernal view of multiple newss. Just how argon you intelligent? is unrelated to amount of e reallyplaceall intelligence and asks instead nearly the nature of your particular type of intelligence. capital query Methods Gardner developed a fortune of either indicators or signs that define intelligence.Any skilful ability, or decline of abilities, must map onto most of these criteria, if it is to be considered a sepa stray, autonomous intelligence. briny Results Reported Each unlike type of intelligence varied in results. The following were visitati iodined Linguistic intelligence- able to intention words that are more expertnessful. Musical Intelligence- gifted abilities involving sound, especially pitch, quality and rhythm. Logical-mathematical intell igence- analyzes and computes various relationships among abstract objects, concepts, and ideas.Spatial intelligence- skilled in creating, visualizing, and manipulating mental images. Intra ad hominem intelligence- able to go through who you are. Weaknesses or reexamination Some concerns based on discipline disabilitieshow they would shield differently. Some argue that not all intelligence was properly well- tried and true by Gardersexual intelligence, digital intelligence immensity/Value As human beings its importpismire for us to consider which part of our head teacher is strongest. It plunder help one find a well fitting seam later on. People want to practice what they are naturally acceptable atso testing this is important.Study 2 Reading 25- Are you the master of your fate? do-nothing, J. B. (1966) Generalized expectancies for internal versus outside(a) stamp down of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28 chief(prenominal) focus or purpose Are the cons equences of your way under your face-to-face control or are they determined by forces outside of yourself? sens cute to study differences among hatful on this dimension and, rather because(prenominal) simply asking them, e developed a test that deliberate a persons locus of control. Primary Research Methods Rotter designed a scale containing a series of many duets of statements.Each pair consisted of on statement reflecting an internal locus of control and one reflecting an external locus of control. Those taking the test were told to select the one statement of from each one pair, which you more strongly believe to be the case. This is a measure of personal belief. Rotter called his test to I-E scale. Main Results Reported Gambling- individuals identified as internals by the I-E scale tended to prefer betting on sure things. Persuasion- internals were found to be more successful than externals in altering the attitudes of others.Achievement motivation-plans to attend coll ege, amt of era washed-out on hwmore likely to be found in those students who show an internal locus of control. Rotter hypothesized that those with an internal locus of control are more likely then externals to gain information from situations, take the endeavor to make change, place greater value on inner skill and achievement goals, and are more able to resisted manipulation by others. Weaknesses or Critique There are not any right or wrong answers in this study. E trulything is however based on one individual, which is magazine consuming for the ones doing the studies. splendor/Value After being testedeasier to be put in a fitting environment. Its important for us to know control. Study 3 Reading 30 Youre getting en garde again Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of disaffirmation. New York International Universities Press. Main focus or purpose Sigmund Freuds discovery of ego defense mechanisms getred gradually over 30 or more years as his experiences in dealin g with mental problems grew. Primary Research Methods Freud claimed to remove discovered the defense mechanisms gradually over many years of clinical interactions with his patients.Main Results Reported Anna Freud identified 10 defense mechanisms that had been described by her father. Five of the original mechanisms that are commonly apply and widely recognized today are discussed re evokeion, regression, projection, reaction, formation, and sublimation. Weaknesses or Critique researchers interrogatory some of Anna freuds theories. Do defense mechanisms really exist? Do they really function unconscious mindly? Importance/Value People now have a much better understanding of mechanisms. Study 4 Reading 31 Learning to be depressed Seigman, M. E. P. , &maier, S. F (1967). Failure to race traumatic shock.Main focus or purpose Martin Seligman (psychologist), proposed that our perceptions of power and control are submited from experience. Martin believes that a persons efforts at c ontrolling certain(a) life events bombard repeatedly, the person may stop attempting to exercise control all together. Primary Research Methods Subjects for this experiment were 24 mongrel trains, 15 to 19 inches in high spirits at the shoulder and weighing between 25-29 pounds. The dogs were divided into 2 groups of 8. oneness group was the escape group and the other was the non-escape group. They were individually harnessed and save not completely unable to move.A series of shocks were given to the dogs to see which ones tried to escape. Main Results Reported In the escape group the time it took for the dogs to press the shock panel quickly decreased over the 64 shocks. In the no escape group, panel pressing completely stopped later 30 tries. Weaknesses or Critique Its hard for some to read about wolfs being used for testing. Its important for researchers to use them for answers alone no abuse should ever take place. Importance/Value We understand that individuals are mor e likely to become depressed if they lack control of of situational experience.Study 5 Reading 35 Projections of who you are inkblot test, H. (1942) Psychodiagnostics A diagnostic test based on perception. New York Grune & Stratton Main focus or purpose Roschachs showed that in the course of interpreting random inkblot, attention would be drawn away from the persons so that his or her usual psychological defenses would be weakened. Primary Research Methods Roschach form of interpretation test is administered simply by handing a person each figure, one at a time and asking, What might this be? Participants were free to turn the card in ant direction and hold it as close to or as off the beaten track(predicate) from their eyes as they wish. Main Results Reported He found that subjects broadly speaking gave a total of 5 to 30 totally responses to the 10 figures. demoralise individuals gave less answers, those that were happy gave more, and among the mentally ill answers varied. Weak nesses or Critique run or not what Rorschach claimed to measure was accurate. Other researches suggest that in that respect are better ways to test this. Importance/Value Rorschachs research will help studies that are done on the resembling concepts.Study 6 Its Not Just About Salivating Dogs Pavlov, I. P. (1927). conditioned Reflexes. London Oxford University Press. Main Focus or offer In this study, Pavlov wanted to use physiological research involving the use of dogs as subjects to test the place of salvation on digestion. Test how, when, and why an animal would salivate, what could cause it irresponsible reflex or conditioned reflexes? Primary Research Methods To test this, they would introduce various types of victuals or non nourishment substances into a dogs mouth and observe the rate and amount of salvation.Then they would associate a sound or smell that would occur before that dog gets introduced to the food. Then after noticing that the bell leads to food the dog wou ld therefore begin to salivate by just hearing the noise. Main Results Reported Pavlov theorized that the dogs had learned from experience in the lab to expect food following certain signals. Although these certain signals do not naturally form salivation, the dogs came to associate them with the food and salivating with the expectancy of the foods arrival. Weaknesses or CritiqueThere were no true weaknesses or critiques to this research and work. Importance/Value This experiment and intense observation was very important because it is now universally accepted and has remained virtually unchanged since its conception. His theories of upright conditioning explain a major proportion of human conduct and helped launch psychology as a true science. Study 7 Little Emotional Albert Watson, J. B. , & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditoned emotional Responses. Journal of Expiermental Pyschology, 3, 1-14. Main Focus or proposeThe main purpose of this study was to test if our human behavior is base d on that idea that we are prompt by unconscious instincts and repressed conflicts from early childhood. Primary Research Methods The methods for this particular study were innocent they took 9 month old Albert from a hospital where he had been elevated as an orphan since birth. They then wanted to see if Albert was naturally aquaphobic of certain stimuli, they placed a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog and masks in front of him, and he naturally grabbed for most of the objects since they didnt bring out any fear (neutral stimuli).They then paired a yelled frightening noise (unconditioned stimuli) with the presentation of each animal and he then cried any time, even just with the sight of the animal because he associated it with that same fear. Main Results Reported Albert was not originally afraid of the rats prior to the conditioning, barely then after the conditioning he instantly feared the rat and even the Santa Clause mask that had a similar white appearance. Weakne sses or Critique Study like this would not be acceptable now days.It is very questionable to ethical reasoning to take a child at an early age and purposely frighten it is just not right. Importance/Value This study succeeded to a large extent in convert many in the psychological community that the emotional behavior could be conditioned through simple stimulus response techniques. Also turn out that human behavior is based on that idea that we are motivated by unconscious instincts and repressed conflicts from early childhood. Study 8 pick apart Wood Skinner, B. F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Expiermental Psychology, 38, 168-172Main Focus or shoot for Skinnier wanted to test if the reason people do superstitious acts (like strike on wood for example), do this because they believe or presume a connection exists between the superstitious behavior in a certain setting and a reinforcing consequence exists. Primary Research Methods The researchers used a empty cag e or box that only had an empty distribute or tray in which food is dispensed. This allows the researchers to have control over when the animal receives reinforcement, such as pellets of food. The early conditioning had a lever, which if pushed, would cause food to be dispensed.They then put pigeons into experimental cage for a hardly a(prenominal) minutes each day, and then food reinforcement was delivered automatically every 15 seconds. Main Results Reported In 6 out of 8 cases the resulting response were so clearly defined that two observers could agree utterly in counting instances. Eventually, the pigeons behaved as if a certain behavior would produce the food, they became superstitious. Weaknesses or Critique On the specific issue of superstitions, however, there appears to be less controversy and a rather wide acceptance of the learning process involved in their formation.Importance/Value This was important because none of these behaviors had been ascertained in the birds prior to the condition procedure. Study 9 See trespass Do Aggression Bandura, A. , Ross, D. , & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of trespass through imitation of pugnacious models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582. Main Focus or Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine how children may learn to be aggressive. If they learn by observation and imitation or any other potent factors. Primary Research MethodsThe researchers exposed children to adult models who behave either aggressively or non-aggressively. The children would then be tested in a new situation without the model present to determine to what extent they would assume the acts of aggression they had observed in the adult. Main Results Reported The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors they observed. Weaknesses or Critique The results were so inconsistent in relation to the aggression-inhibiting effect of nonaggressive models that the y were inconclusive. Importance/ValueThis research organize the foundation for hundreds of studies over the past 45 years on the cause on children of viewing violence in person or in the media. Study 10 Just How Are You Intelligent? Gardner, H. (1938) Frames of Mind The speculation of multiple intelligences. New Yorkk Basic Books. Main Focus or Purpose In this study, Garden wanted to test if there were multiple different types of intelligences rather than just one general intelligence that tin can be tested by an IQ test. He also wanted to move on extend the theory of brain specialization, to see if different parts of the brain are responsible for different intelligences.Primary Research Methods Gardner developed a set of eight indicators or signs that define an intelligence. Any intellectual ability, or set of abilities, will then be mapped onto these criterias. He separated the intelligences into 9 main ones linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthet ic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential and then performed test to determine what category or categories one might fall under. Main Results Reported This study showed and proved that people are intelligent in many more ways than just book smart.It gave us proof that a student can still be very bright even if that student is attempt in math or English. Weaknesses or Critique Many question, what about the children or adults with learning disabilities? But after these tests, Gardner then changed that into learning differences. Importance/Value Hundreds of scientific articles and books now rest on Gardners theory. His theory has remained unchanged and survived for over two decades now and shows no sign of fading. He changed forever how the world looks at learning, teaching and intelligence.